ðð¿ðŒððœð¹ððº ððŽð¹ðºð¹
ðð¿ðŒððœð¹ððº ððŽð¹ðºð¹ (ð»ð°ðð¹ðœð¹ððºð°: imperium romanum) ð ð°ð ðžð°ðð° ððŽð¹ðºð¹ ðžð°ððŽð¹ ð ð°ððž ð°ðð°ð ð°ðœð³ðŸð° ðð¿ðŒððœð¹ððºð°ð¹ð¶ðð ðð°ð¹ððð¿ð±ð»ðŽð¹ðºðð (ðžð¹ð¿ð³ð°ð ð°ð¹ð·ðð°ð¹ð). ð¹ðð° ð ð°ð ð°ð¹ðœð°ðð° ðžð¹ð¶ðŽ ðŒð°ð·ððŽð¹ð²ð°ðœðŽ ððŽð¹ðºðŸðŽ ð°ð»ð»ð°ð¹ð¶ðð ðŒð°ðœð°ððŽð³ð°ð¹ð ðŸð°ð· ð°ð¹ð·ðð° ðŒð¹ðºð¹ð»ð° ð³ð°ð¹ð» ðŒðŽð³ð¹ðð°ð¹ðð°ðœð¹ððºð¹ð ð»ð°ðœð³ð¹ð, ð°ð¹ð ððððð ðŸð°ð· ð°ððð¹ðºðð. ððŽð¹ðœð° ð·ð°ð¿ð±ð¹ð³ð°ð±ð°ð¿ðð²ð ðð¿ðŒð° ð ð°ð ðð ðŒð¹ðºð¹ð»ð¹ððð ð±ð°ð¿ðð²ð ðžð¹ð¶ðð ðð°ð¹ððð°ð¿ð ðð ðŽ 100 BC - 400 AD. ððð°ð¿ðŸð¹ðœð°ððð¿ð ððŽð¹ðºðŸð¹ð ð»ð¹ð±ð°ð¹ð³ð° ðŒð¹ðœð 1500 ðŸðŽðð°. ðð° ðŒð°ð·ððŽð¹ð²ððð° ðŒð°ðœðœð° ðð¿ðŒððœð¹ððºð¹ð ððŽð¹ðºðŸð¹ð ðŸð¿ð»ðŽð¹ð ðºð°ð¹ðð°ð ð ð°ð.
ððð¹ð»ð»
[ð¹ðœðŒð°ð¹ð³ðŽð¹]ðð¿ðŒð° ð°ðœð°ðððð³ð¹ð³ð° ð¹ðœðð ð¹ðœðžðŸð°ðœ ð±ð¹ðžðŽ ð²ð°ðð¿ð»ðŸð¹ð³ð° ð ð°ððž ðð¿ðŒððœðð¹ðºð° ðð°ð¹ððð¿ð±ð»ðŽð¹ðºð°. ð°ðð°ð ðð¿ðŒððœð¹ððºð° ððð¹ð»ð»ð° ðð ð°ð¹ ðŒð°ð²ðŸð¿ð ð·ð°ð¹ðð°ðœð³ð° ðððŒð¿ð»ð¿ð ðŸð°ð· ððŽðŒð¿ð ð²ð°ðð¿ð»ð¹ð³ðŽð³ð¿ðœ ð±ð°ð¿ðð² ðð¿ðŒð°.
ðð°ð¶ð³ðð
[ð¹ðœðŒð°ð¹ð³ðŽð¹]ðð ð·ð°ð¿ð±ð¹ð³ð°ðð°ð¶ð³ð° ð ð°ð ð»ð°ðð¹ðœð¹ððºð° ðð°ð¶ð³ð°, ððŽð¹ ðð ðð°ð¶ð³ð° ð ð¹ððð³ð¹ð ðŸð°ð· ð³ðð°ð¿ð·ðð¹ðœð°ððð°ð¿ð ð ð°ð. ðð¿ðŒð°ð¹ ðð¿ðŒððœðŸð¿ð, ðð ðŽ ðºð°ð¹ðð°ððð ðŸð°ð· ðºð¹ðœð³ð¹ðœðð, ð»ð°ð¹ðð¹ð³ðŽð³ð¿ðœ ðð¹ðº ðŸð°ð· ðºððŽð¹ðºð°ðð°ð¶ð³ð°.
ðºð¿ðœðŸð°ð·ð°ð¹ð³ð¿ð
[ð¹ðœðŒð°ð¹ð³ðŽð¹]ðŒð°ðœð°ð²ðð ðžð¹ð¿ð³ðð ðŒð¹ððð°ð»ðŽð¹ðºð°ð¹ð¶ðŽ ðºð¿ðœðŸð°ð·ð°ð¹ð³ð¹ð ðŽ ð±ð°ð¿ð°ð¹ð³ðŽð³ð¿ðœ ð¹ðœ ðð¿ðŒððœð¹ððºð° ððŽð¹ðºðŸð°.
ðµð¹ðœððœð
[ð¹ðœðŒð°ð¹ð³ðŽð¹]ððð¹ðŸð°ð±ð°ð¿ððŽð¹ð ðµð¹ðœððœð ð ðŽðð¿ðœ ð±ð°ð¿ðð²ðŸð°ðœð, ð¹ðž ðœð¹ ðŒð°ð·ððŽð³ð¿ðœ ððð°ð¿ðŸð¹ðœððœ ðœð¹ð· ð³ðð°ð¿ð·ðð¹ðœððœ. ðð¿ðŒððœð¹ððºð° ðµð¹ðœððœ ð²ð°ðð°ð¹ððð¹ð³ð° ð¹ð¶ðð ð²ð°ðð³ð°ðœð°ðŒð. ð±ð°ððœð° ð¿ððð° ð°ðœð³ðœðŽðŒð¿ðœ ð°ððð¹ðœð ðœð°ðŒð ð°ð¹ðžðžð°ð¿ ð°ð¹ðœðð°ð»ðžð°ð±ð° ð°ð¹ðžðŽð¹ðœð ðœð°ðŒð. ðð¿ðŒððœð¹ððºð° ðµð¹ðœððœ ððð°ð¿ðŸð¹ðœðð³ð° ð ð°ð ððð°ðŒ ð°ððð¹ðœ, ð¿ðœððŽ ð¹ð ð²ð°ð³ð°ð¿ðžðœðð³ð°. ð ð°ððž ðð¹ ðžð°ðœ ððð¹ðŸð°. ðµð¹ðœððœð ðŒð°ð·ððŽð³ð¿ðœ ð°ð¹ð²ð°ðœ ð»ð°ðœð³, ð ðŽðð¿ðœ ð°ð¿ðº ð±ð°ð¿ðð²ðŸð°ðœð.
ððºð°ð»ðºðð
[ð¹ðœðŒð°ð¹ð³ðŽð¹]ðð ðŽ 35% ðžð¹ð¿ð³ð ð¹ðœ ðð¿ðŒððœð¹ððºð° ððŽð¹ðºðŸð° ð ðŽðð¿ðœ ððºð°ð»ðºðð. ð¹ðœ ð±ð°ð¿ðð² ðŒð°ð·ððŽð³ð¿ðœ ð ð¹ðð°ðœ ð»ð°ð¹ðð°ððŸðð ð°ð¹ðžðžð°ð¿ ð»ðŽðºðŸðð. ððºð°ð»ðºðð ðµðŽðŒð¿ðœ ðð°ð¹ð·ðð¹ð ð¿ð ð°ð¹ðð ððð°ð¹ ðŸð°ð· ð°ððð¹ðºð°ð¹. ðð¿ðŒððœðŸð¿ð ðŒð°ð·ððŽð³ð¿ðœ ðŸð°ð· ððºð°ð»ðºðð ð ð¹ðð°ðœ.
ð²ð°ð»ð°ð¿ð±ðŽð¹ðœð
[ð¹ðœðŒð°ð¹ð³ðŽð¹]ð²ð°ð»ð°ð¿ð±ðŽð¹ðœð°ð¹ð ðððŒð°ðœðŸð¿ð ð ð°ð ðð°ð¹ð·ðð¹ð "do ut des" ð°ð¹ðžðžð°ð¿ "ð²ð¹ð±ð° ðŽð¹ ð²ð¹ð±ð°ð¹ð". ð¹ðœð ð¹ðð¿ðœ ðŒð°ðœð°ð²ð°ðœð ð²ð¿ð³ð°ðœð, ð²ð°ð»ð°ð¿ð±ð¹ð³ðŽð³ð¿ðœ ð°ð¿ðº ðŽð¹ ðœð°ð¿ð³ð¹ðžð°ð¿ðððð ð ð°ð ð±ð»ððð°ðœ ð³ð¿ ð²ð°ðð°ðððŸð°ðœ "pax deorum" ð°ð¹ðžðžð°ð¿ "ð²ð°ð ð°ð¹ððžð¹ ð²ð¿ð³ðŽ". ðð°ððŸð°ððð· ðð°ð¶ðœ ð°ð¹ð·ðð° ð·ð¿ðœðð»ð°ððð°ðž. ðð ð° ðððŒð¿ðœðŸð¿ð ðœð¹ð¿ðŸð° ð»ð°ðœð³ð° ððð°ð¿ðŸð¹ðœðð³ðŽð³ð¿ðœ, ð°ðœð³ðœðŽðŒð¿ðœ ðŸð°ð· ðžð°ðœð ð²ð¿ð³ð°ðœð ðžð¹ð¶ðŽ ð»ð°ðœð³ðŽ, ðŸð°ðœðœð¹ ðžð°ðœð ð¿ðð ð°ð¿ððžð¿ðœ.