Wikipedia:đ°đťđžđ°đşđżđ˝đžđ° đ đ°đżđđłđ°
This article gives the standard transcription of foreign words in the Gothic Bible. These standard transcription should be a standard for the Gothic Wikipedia. Under the table there are several examples of how words and names can be transcribed.
đ°đ˝đ°đźđ´đťđžđ°đ˝ đ đ°đżđđłđ´ đşđđ´đşđšđđşđ°đšđśđ´ đžđ°đˇ đťđ°đđ´đšđ˝đšđđşđ°đšđśđ´ đźđšđ¸ đąđđşđđź đ˛đżđđšđđşđ°đšđź / Transcription of Greek and Latin words
[đšđ˝đźđ°đšđłđ´đš]đđđ°đź đşđđ´đşđšđđşđ°đźđźđ° đłđż đ˛đżđđšđđşđ°đźđźđ° / Greek to Gothic
[đšđ˝đźđ°đšđłđ´đš]
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đđđšđđ°đˇđđ´đšđ
[đšđ˝đźđ°đšđłđ´đš]General rules of thumb are the following:
Modern English | Gothic |
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long 'a' as in bath /a/ | a đ° |
short 'e' as in bed / short 'a' as in mad /É/ | ai đ°đš |
'ay' (long 'e') as in may /eË/ | e đ´ |
short 'o' as in lot /É/ | au đ°đż |
'ow' as in now /aĘ/ | aw đ°đ |
'y' as in my /aÉŞ/ | aj đ°đž, sometimes also aei đ°đ´đš |
The 'schwa' as in taken /É/ | aiw đ°đšđ |
long 'o' as in so /oË/ | o đ |
'oo' as in boot /u/ | u đż |
'ie' as in Billie, 'y' as in kitty or 'ee' as in see /iË/ | ei đ´đš |
'j' as in jack | dj đłđž |
th | Ăž đ¸ |
v and b | b đą |
Examples of modern names transcribed into Gothic:
- (Billie) Eilish (pronounced as IPA: /ËaÉŞlÉŞĘ/ )
Although this is a list for modern English to Gothic transcription, the same sound transcription rules can also be used for transcriptions from other languages, e.g. Romanian or Spanish names. (Although the orthography in these languages is different, so transcriptions should be done based on the phonetic and phonological context.)
To test yourself try to transcribe the following modern English names and words, the expandable box underneath contains the answers, it's recommended to write down or type all your answers first because it shows all the answers. Sometimes multiple answers are possible. When creating articles on the Gothic Wikipedia make sure that you use the Gothic script for names and not the Latinized transliteration.
Retain double consonants in names (e.g. 'bb'):
- - Johnny Depp
- - Taylor Swift
- - Gordon Ramsey
- - Victory (transcribe the English in Gothic correctly, don't translate)
- - Skrillex
- - George Michael (pronunciation of the name George)
- - Del Reeves
Click to show answers:
Answers |
Djaunnei Daip or Djaunnei Daipp (đłđžđ°đżđ˝đ˝đ´đš đłđ°đšđ đ¸đ°đż đłđžđ°đżđ˝đ˝đ´đš đłđ°đšđđ) |
Telaur Swift (đđ´đťđ°đżđ đđ đšđđ) or Telaiwr Swift (đđ´đťđ°đšđ đ đđ đšđđ) |
Gaurdaun Raimzei (đ˛đ°đżđđłđ°đżđ˝ đđ°đšđźđśđ´đš) or Gaurdaun Raimsei (đ˛đ°đżđđłđ°đżđ˝ đđ°đšđźđđ´đš) |
Biktaurei (đąđšđşđđ°đżđđ´đš) |
Skrillaiks (đđşđđšđťđťđ°đšđşđ) |
Djaurdzj Majkaiwl (đłđžđ°đżđđłđśđž đźđ°đžđşđ°đšđ đť) or Djaurdzj Majkail (đłđžđ°đżđđłđśđž đźđ°đžđşđ°đšđť), you can also transcribe the 'aj' as 'aei', so Maeikail (đźđ°đ´đšđşđ°đšđť) or Maeikaiwl (đźđ°đ´đšđşđ°đšđ đť). Some names have multiple transcriptions which could be used. |
Dail Reibs (đłđ°đšđť đđ´đšđąđ) or Dail Reibz (đłđ°đšđť đđ´đšđąđś) |
Hopefully you had a few of the names above here correct. If you had multiple of them correct you should be able to create articles with correct transcriptions of names.
đđđ°đź đťđ°đđ´đšđ˝đšđđşđ°đźđźđ° đłđż đ˛đżđđšđđşđ°đźđźđ° / Latin to Gothic
[đšđ˝đźđ°đšđłđ´đš](only âkawtsjonâ (accusative) = âcautioâ, âdiakon(s)â = âdiaconusâ from The Ravenna Deed, and âkaballarjaâ = âCaballariaâ, and âunkjaâ = âunciatheâ from The Arezzo Deed are attested; all other letters are given in brackets)
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đąđšđżđ˛đ°đ˝ đ đ°đżđđłđ´ đťđ°đđ´đšđ˝đšđđşđ°đšđśđ´ đžđ°đˇ đşđđ´đşđšđđşđ°đšđśđ´ / Declension of Greek and Latin words
[đšđ˝đźđ°đšđłđ´đš]From: Wilhelm Streitberg: Gotisches Elementarbuch Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung Heidelberg 1920, page 115-117 (§ 163) (abridged)
... / Original in German
[đšđ˝đźđ°đšđłđ´đš]Die Flexion der FremdwĂśrter
Man hat zwei Klassen von FremdwĂśrtern zu unterscheiden:
- Nicht-kirchliche LehnwĂśrter aus dem Lateinischen stammend oder durch lateinische Vermittlung Ăźbernommen. Sie haben in der got. Sprache das BĂźrgerrecht erworben, unterscheiden sich daher nicht mehr vom heimischen Sprachgut. Es sind Nomina wie kĂĄisar [đşđ°đšđđ°đ] 'Kaiser', mes [đźđ´đ] 'Tisch', wein [đ đ´đšđ˝] 'Wein', Kreks [đşđđ´đşđ] 'Grieche, Heide'.
- Dagegen werden die zahlreichen biblischen Eigennamen sowie eine Anzahl christlicher Termini technici noch vĂśllig als fremde Eindringlinge empfunden. Es ist daher begreiflich, dass vielfaches Schwanken in dem Versuchen herrscht, sie den Gesetzen der gotischen Sprache anzubequemen.
- Die auf Konsonanz ausgehenden hebräischen Eigennamen werden in den obliquen Kasus [Genitive and Dative] als a-Stämme flektiert, soweit nicht die Flexion Ăźberhaupt unterbleibt, was bei Ortsnamen in der Regel der Fall ist. Lautet der Nominativ auf -f, -Ăž, -s aus, so erscheint im Genitiv und Dativ häufiger -b-, -d-, -z-, vgl. Asabis (griechischer Nominativ ÎĎÎŹĎ), Lodis (Loth), Mosezis (ÎĎĎΡĎ).
- Die griech. Maskulina auf -ÎżĎ werden nach lateinischem Vorbild im Singular und im Akkusativ Plural als u-Stämme flektiert, vgl. Paitrus, Genitiv Paitraus, Dativ Paitrau, Vokativ Paitru. Nominativ und Genitiv Plural der VĂślkernamen [der griechischen o-Deklination] gehen regelmäĂig nach der i-Deklination, während die Appellativa zwischen i- und u-Flexion schwanken: Nominativ Iudaieis, Gein. Iudaie; Nom. aggileis und aggiljus, Gen. aggile. Der Nominativ auf -eis ist durch den lateinsichen Ausgang -i veranlasst. Bei den WĂśrtern auf -ius sind Nominativ Plural und Singular identisch. Der Dativ Plural schwankt zwischen u-, i- und ja-Formen: Iudaium, aggilum, Saudaumim, Saudaumjam.
- Eine Ausnamhme bildet der Name Iesus: Gen. Iesuis, Dat. Iesua und Iesu, Akk. Iesu.
- Die griech. Maskulina auf -ÎąĎ, -Îą gehen wie die got. schwachen Maskulina. Genau ebnso flektieren auch die Frauennamen auf -Κι, vgl. Marja, Akk. Marjan, Gen. Marjins, Dat. Marjin.
- Die Ortsnamen auf -Îą sind teils indeklinabel, teils schlieĂen sie sich der o-Klasse an; die auf -ιΚι, -οΚι, -Κι behalten entweder die griechische Flexion bei (also Gen. -as, Dat. -a, Akk. -an) oder bilden Gen. (dat.) Sg. anscheinend nach der i-Deklination (also Gen. -ais, dat. -ai, aber Akk. -a).
- Schwach flektiert das Appelativum aĂkklesjo ['Kirche'].
- Die Maskulina auf -Ďν werden wie die femininen on-Stämme abgewandelt, nur Seimon hat im Akk. neben -on auch -ona, -onu, im Gen. -onis, -onaus, im Dat. -ona, -onau; latinisiert ist der Dat. Faraoni [von Pharao]R 9,17 A. Die Feminina auf -Ďν sind teils on-Stämme, teils bilden sie die obliquen Kasus nach der i-Deklination.
- Die Maskulina auf ĎÎˇĎ wie praufetes neigen im Sg. und im Akk. Dat. Pl. der u-Dekl. zu, einige sind auch im Nom. Sg. dazu Ăźbergetreten: praufeus, SkwĂžus
- Die Feminina auf Ρ schwanken ziemlich stark, zeigen aber eine Vorliebe fßr i- und ein-flexion
... / English translation
[đšđ˝đźđ°đšđłđ´đš]Inflexion of Foreign Words
We must make the distinction between two kinds of foreign words :
- Non-liturgical loan-words borrowed from Latin, or taken up through Latin influence. They have been naturalised into the Got. language, and no longer distinguish themselves from the native [Gothic] language. These are nouns such as kĂĄisar [đşđ°đšđđ°đ] (âKaiserâ), mes [đźđ´đ] (âmesseâ), wein [đ đ´đšđ˝] (âwineâ), kreke [đşđđ´đşđ] (âGreekâ, âHellenicâ).
- In contrast the numerous Biblical personal names along with a number of technical Christian terms are perceived as foreign borrowings. It can then be understood that much variety arose in the attempts to incorporate them into the rules of the Gothic language.
- The Hebrew proper names ending in a consonant are declined like an a-stem when they are in the Oblique case [Genitive and Dative], if they are declined at all. If the nominative ends in -f, -Ăž or -s, then the Genitive and Dative more often occur with -b-, -d-, -z-, compare Asabis (griechischer Nominativ ÎĎÎŹĎ), Lodis (Loth), Mosezis (ÎĎĎΡĎ).
- The Greek masculine with -ÎżĎ are just like in Latin declined like u-stems in the Singular and Accusative plural, compare Paitrus, Genitive Paitraus, Dative paitrau, Vocative Paitru. Nominative and Plural of names of people [the Greek o-declension] often occur in i-declension, while the appelatives are between i- and u-declension: Nominative Iudaieis, Gen. Iudaie; Nom. aggileis and aggiljus, gen. aggile. The nominative in -eis is caused by the Latin ending -i. The nominative plural and the singular are identical in words with -ius. The Dative plural is somewhere between u-, i- and ja-forms: Iudaium, aggilum, Saudaumim, Saudaumjam.
- An exception is formed by the name Jesus: Gen. Iesuis, Dat. Iesua and Iesu, Akk. Iesu.
- The Greek masculines in -ÎąĎ, -Îą are declined like the weak masculine in Gothic, just like the feminine names in -Κι, compare Marja, Acc. Marjan, Gen. Marjins, Dat. Marjin.
(translation to continue)
- The placenames with -ι are partially indeclinable, but partially they also adhere to the o-class; those with -ιΚι, -οΚι, -Κι either keep the Greek declension (Gen. -as, Dat. -a, Acc. -an) or form Gen. (dat.) Sg. after the i-declension (Gen. -ais, dat. -ai, but acc. -a).
- The Appelative aĂkklesjo ['Church'] is weakly declined.
- The masculine with -Ďν are modified like the feminine on-stems, only Seimon has -ona, -onu in acc. besides -on, -onis, -onaus in Gen., -ona, -onau in Dat.; latinized the Dat. Faraoni [from Pharao]R 9,17 A. The feminine with -Ďν are partially on-stems, partially they form the oblique case with the i-declension.
- The masculine with ĎÎˇĎ like praufetes tend to get the u-declension in Sg. and Acc. Dat. Pl., some also turned to this in the Nom. Sg.: praufeus, SkĂžus
- The feminine with Ρ deviate a lot, but show a preference for i- and ein- declension.
... / French translation
[đšđ˝đźđ°đšđłđ´đš]...
- ...
- ...
- La consonance se terminant dans les noms propres en hĂŠbreu sont dans le cas oblique [gĂŠnitif et le datif] que les souches flĂŠchies une Ă moins que la flexion est omis Ă tous, dont le nom endroit est gĂŠnĂŠralement le cas avec. Le nominatif Ă -f,-ème,-s, il apparaĂŽt plus frĂŠquemment dans le gĂŠnitif et le datif-b,-d,-z, cf Asabis (ÎĎÎŹĎ nominatif grec), Lodi (Loth), Mosezis (ÎĎĎÎˇĎ ).
- Le grec Masculins sur-ÎżĎ modèle latin sont au singulier et au pluriel Ă l'accusatif comme u-tiges dĂŠclinĂŠ selon, Paitrus cf, Paitraus gĂŠnitif, datif Paitrau, vocatif Paitru. Nominatif et gĂŠnitif pluriel des noms de peuples [de la dĂŠclinaison grecque o-] se rendent rĂŠgulièrement Ă l'i-dĂŠclinaison, tandis que appellatifs entre-u et i-flexion varient: Iudaieis nominative, Gein. Genèse aggiljus; Iudaie Nom et aggileis aggile. Le nominatif du latin-glace est sĂŠcuritaire de sortie-i induite par. Dans les mots en-ius sont singulier pluriel nominatif, et la mĂŞme chose. Le datif pluriel varie entre u-, i-ja-formes: Iudaium, aggilum, Saudaumim, Saudaumjam.
- Un Ausnamhme est le nom de JĂŠsus: le gĂŠnĂŠral Iesuis, Dat. JosuĂŠ et JĂŠsus, JĂŠsus, Acc.
- Le grec Masculins sur ÎąĎ, Îą- aller comme au masculin obtenu faible. femme ebnso nom de Juste sur la flex-Κι, voir Marie, accusatif Marjan, gen. Marjin, Dat. Marjin.
- Les noms de lieux sur-ι sont en partie indeklinabel, d'autres à proximitÊ de l'o-classe, et la sur-ιΚι,-οΚι, gardez Κι-flexion ni dans le grec (c.-à -gène Acc.-que, - dat.-a, sur) ou sous forme de gène. (Fait) Sg apparemment après l'i-dÊclinaison (gene.-Ais, c.-à -dat-ai, mais accusatif-a).
- Faiblement flĂŠchit ['ĂŠglise'] l'Appelativum aĂkklesjo.
- Le masculin-Ďν sur la façon dont le fĂŠminin sur des souches modifiĂŠes pour ĂŞtre seulement Seimon a l'accusatif-sur et Ă cĂ´tĂŠ-ona,-ONU, dans le gène. -Onis, onaus en Dat. -Ona,-onau, est le Dat latinisĂŠe. Faraoni [de Pharaon] R 9,17 A. Le fĂŠminin sur Ďν sont en partie sur les souches, d'autres forment le cas oblique pour le i-dĂŠclinaison.
- Le masculin ĎÎˇĎ praufetes tendance, comme dans le singulier et le Dat accusatif. Pl u-dĂŠcl. , mais certaines le sont ĂŠgalement dans le nominatif singulier converti: praufeus, SkwĂžus
- Le fÊminin de Ρ varie assez peu, mais montrent une prÊfÊrence pour i-et-flexion